CO2

All posts tagged CO2

Proton: Do you Mind?

Posted by protonmind on October 12, 2010
Posted in: Neuroscience, Science. Tagged: , , , , , , .

Can pH control the brain?
The easiest way to see this is probably to test the thesis from the endpoints. Let’s say that the cell volume of the brain to 40% consists of gill cells and that some of them have the capability to regulate pH in the brain, what will then happen if they stop doing that? Or if they are forced to do it cause a lack of substrate.

Or if the proton is the main switch in any organisms driven by proton motive force, then what happens if we change the balance for example ad some extracellular H+. Would the mechanism or substance that control the pH of the pH controller in the brain controls the function of the brain?

Well if our cellular life are based on proton gradients isn’t our consciousness is based on protons then? The difference of the extracellular and intracellular controls much of the life potential, then the gradient and order and the Ionic order will control the longevity. Does it sounds reasonable since up to 20-80% of the cellular resting metabolic rate is required to redistribute  ions through Na+ / K+-ATP-dependent pumping system. (Rolfe and Brand, 1996; Priebe et al., 1996; Rolfe and Brown, 1997).

We proudly welcomes protonmind to Science & Nuts.

The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia – some facts

Posted by gdnf on June 27, 2010
Posted in: CO2 Reactivity, Neuroscience, Schizophrenia. Tagged: , , , .

Some facts about the incidence of Schizophrenia and it’s variability

-There seems to be a higher incidence associated with urbanity, living the first 2 years in urban areas seems  have an effect on incidence

-There seems to be a higher incidence associated with migration

-Greater lifetime risk in males and earlier onset in males

-Higher prevalence among lower socio-economic classes

-Schizophrenia is highly heritable and genetic factors seems to

-Schizophrenia is highly heritable and genetic factors contribute to approximately 80% of the liability for the illness.

-Several environmental factors of small effect, winter/spring birth, prenatal infection- (especially cytomegalovirus infection) and famine, obstetric and perinatal complications, social stress, older paternal age, etc.) are associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia

The global distribution of Schizophrenia according to WHO 2002

Pictures from wikipedia.

The Etiology of Schizophrenia – The Hypo-Thesis of Cognition – (Pdf) part 1 about Endogenous Carbon Disulfide CS2 and its Consequences.

After the next step of the CAC-Hålet theory dealing with the metabolites: H2S and COS, we will see if it is possible to integrate the epidemiological findings above into a more global picture of the prevalence, but maybe that is to big Utopia. Anyway the inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase Catalysis – CAC by the metabolites show an interesting picture: how the Co2 reactivity gets slower.

Schizophrenia H2S and Carbonic Anhydrase

Posted by gdnf on June 22, 2010
Posted in: Neuroscience, Schizophrenia. Tagged: , , , , , , , , , , .

After the updates of the new page: The Etiology of Schizophrenia – CS2. The work now continues by following the metabolism from CS2 to H2S in what could be and the reactive core in the etiology of Schizophrenia. Up next are the effects of H2S.

But first of all let us see that the CAC-hålet theory shows that the reactive substance CS2 which in itself can cause some of the symptoms in Schizophrenia and is metabolized to Hydrogen Sulfide – H2S in the body, by a new route.  CS2 is also detected in the exhaled air from persons with Schizophrenia.

Aspiration and Respiration

The core function in aspiration is gas exchange with the biosphere and to regulate the breathing to the needs of the cellular respiration. In schizophrenia the Carbonic Anhydrase Catalysis – CAC is slower than normally resulting in a prolonged hypoxia in the mitochondria after increases in the O2 consumption, part of these fundamentals are later shown in the BOLD fMRI where the blood oxygenation levels curve are steeper in persons with schizophrenia.

CS2 and the metabolites dithiocarbamates and H2S are potent inhibitors of CAC, this will result in a further decrease in the function of Carbonic Anhydrase and the CO2 reactivity will get even slower. Or the other way around, H2S is the mother-substance to the reaction.

—

Refrenences
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of cytosolic isoforms I, II, III, VII and XIII with less investigated inorganic anions
Alessio Innocentia, Andrea Scozzafavaa and Claudiu T. SupuranCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, E-mail The Corresponding Author
Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
2009.

Chengelis, C. P. and Neal, R. A., Studies of carbonyl sulfide toxicity: metabolism by carbonic anhydrase,
Towicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 55, 198, 1980

Baird, T.T., A. Waheed, T. Okuyama, W.S. Sly, & C.A. Fierke (1997) Catalysis and Inhibition
of Human Carbonic Anhydrase IV, Biochemistry, 36: 2669 – 2678.

The possible role of CO2 in producing a post-stimulus CBF
and BOLD undershoot
Meryem A. Yücel1,2, Anna Devor2,3, Ata Akın1 and David A. Boas2*
1 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogˇ aziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey

The Etiology of Schizophrenia CAC-Hålet Theory

Posted by gdnf on May 25, 2010
Posted in: CO2 Reactivity, Schizophrenia. Tagged: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

From Part 1

part II the CAC-hålet theory

The etiology of Schizophrenia could be linked to endogenous Carbon disulfide CS2 production. The manufacture and exposure to endogenous CS2, could probably act in months after months before showing some of the symptoms of high CS2 exposure (Hallucinations, Psychosis and personality changes)

Suggestions

To ensure a proper analysis of earlier undetectable biomarkers one might consider gas-analysis from skin and breath as an biomarker and emission source, since the CS2 otherwise could leave undetected through the biggest organ –  the skin. I propose analysis of total air content in a closed chamber with subjects naked to avoid contamination with techniques for gas detection (59), (60) to reveal the biometrics of human endogenous CS2 production. Which has not been done to my knowledge.

By practising these suggestions it might be easier to understand and prevent the disease by detecting the prodromal and active  systems conditions besides the genetic vulnerability and map out what role CS2 play in the etiology of Schizophrenia.

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Flashes of Death & CO2 reactivity

Posted by gdnf on April 19, 2010
Posted in: CO2 Reactivity, Schizophrenia. Tagged: , , , , , .

A not so well known fact is about Schizophrenia is that the individuals  having it, have less CO2 reactivity, but what about it? Does it really matters, what do you think?

Oxford Journal
In1948 Michitomo Hayashi (1885-1973) organized a schizophrenia
research group. At that time he was able to measure the cerebral arteriovenous differences in blood gas concentrations of schizophrenic patients. He correlated these differences with the course of schizophrenic episodes and found that in times of symptom remission there was an overproduction in the venous carbon dioxide concentration, indicating an increase of the respiratory quotient.

Cerebral blood flow responses to inhaled carbon dioxide in schizophrenia

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a potent cerebrovasodilator; even mild changes in CO2 are associated with marked changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF). We measured CBF before and after 5% CO2, inhalation in 19 medicated patients with schizophrenia and 16 normal volunteers. Another group of 16 volunteers had 2 CBF measurements under resting conditions. Although both patients and controls showed marked CBF increase during CO2 inhalation, the CBF response was significantly less in the patients. Change in CBF per mm of CO2 was lower in the patients. The second group of controls did not show significant differences between the 2 resting CBF measurements.

CO2  in near death experiences

The recent observations about why people see light’s in the end of the tunnel in the near death experience suggest that – Near-death experiences may result from elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood: study NYtimes daily.  BBC
New light on near-death flashes. So of cause it can cause an extra vision here and there even if you have schizophrenia, in fact there are substances measured at persons with schizophrenia that halts the action of Carbonic Anhydrase, which is the enzyme that catalyses CO2.

–

Coming up:
A new theory about the aetiology of schizophrenia.