Carbon Dioxide

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Schizophrenia and Hypoxia

Posted by gdnf on July 12, 2010
Posted in: CO2 Reactivity, Schizophrenia. Tagged: , , , , , , , , , , , .

Obstetric complications are probably one of the most oldest known complications suspected to be involved in the preconditioning of Schizophrenia. They seems to be more common in schizophrenia than in the general population (Cannon et al.) and it seems to be an higher risk to predisposed individuals that and obstetric events should occur (Schulze et al.) and that those patients who have suffered obstetric events often seems to have decreased volume of the hippocampus volume (Stefanis et al.). Such early environmental factors may impact on the development of the dopamine system. For example, hippocampal lesions made in neonatal rats result in increased striatal dopamine levels in post-pubertal rats. (Alquicer et al.)  Animal studies indicate that perinatal damage leads to a labile dopaminergic system vulnerable to sensitization. (Moore et al) suggested that developmental disruption of the hippocampus cortex can result in dysregulation of the dopaminergic inputs to the striatum, increasing the response to novelty, mild stress,or psychotomimetics.
When Schmidt and Kastner did a systematic review of the functional enviromics they suggested that more than 50% of genes potentially associated with schizophrenia, particularly AKT1, BDNF, CAPON, CCKAR, CHRNA7, CNR1, COMT, DNTBP1, GAD1, GRM3, IL10, MLC1, NOTCH4, NRG1, NR4A2/NURR1, PRODH, RELN, RGS4, RTN4/NOGO and TNF, are subject to regulation by hypoxia and/or are expressed in the vasculature.

Finally there presence of Carbon Disulfide (CS2) in the exhaled breath from persons with schizophrenia is also a sign in itself since CS2 inhibits the carbonic anhydrase catalysis (CAC) which could make the slow reaction to hypoxia slower. Part 1 in the Hypo-Thesis of Schizophrenia is about CS2.


References

Cannon M, Jones PB, Murray RM (2002). Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1080–1092.

Nicodemus KK, Marenco S, Batten AJ, Vakkalanka R, Egan MF, Straub RE, Weinberger DR. (2008). Serious obstetric complications interact with hypoxia-regulated/vascular-expression genes to influence schizophrenia risk. Mol Psychiatry 13:873–7.

Schmidt-Kastner R, van Os J, Steinbusch HWMS, Schmitz C. (2006). Gene regulation by hypoxia and the neurodevelopmental origin of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 84:253–71.

Schulze K, McDonald C, Frangou S, Sham P, Grech A, Toulopoulou T, Walshe M, Sharma T, Sigmundsson T, Taylor M, Murray RM (2003). Hippocampal volume in familial and non-familial schizophrenic probands and their unaffected relatives. Biological Psychiatry, 53(7), 562–570.

Stefanis N, Frangou S, Yakeley J, Sharma T, O’connell P, Morgan K, Sigmundsson T, Taylor M, Murray RM (1999). Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia: effects of genetic risk and pregnancy and birth complications. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 697–702.

 

Schizophrenia H2S and Carbonic Anhydrase

Posted by gdnf on June 22, 2010
Posted in: Neuroscience, Schizophrenia. Tagged: , , , , , , , , , , .

After the updates of the new page: The Etiology of Schizophrenia – CS2. The work now continues by following the metabolism from CS2 to H2S in what could be and the reactive core in the etiology of Schizophrenia. Up next are the effects of H2S.

But first of all let us see that the CAC-hålet theory shows that the reactive substance CS2 which in itself can cause some of the symptoms in Schizophrenia and is metabolized to Hydrogen Sulfide – H2S in the body, by a new route.  CS2 is also detected in the exhaled air from persons with Schizophrenia.

Aspiration and Respiration

The core function in aspiration is gas exchange with the biosphere and to regulate the breathing to the needs of the cellular respiration. In schizophrenia the Carbonic Anhydrase Catalysis – CAC is slower than normally resulting in a prolonged hypoxia in the mitochondria after increases in the O2 consumption, part of these fundamentals are later shown in the BOLD fMRI where the blood oxygenation levels curve are steeper in persons with schizophrenia.

CS2 and the metabolites dithiocarbamates and H2S are potent inhibitors of CAC, this will result in a further decrease in the function of Carbonic Anhydrase and the CO2 reactivity will get even slower. Or the other way around, H2S is the mother-substance to the reaction.

—

Refrenences
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of cytosolic isoforms I, II, III, VII and XIII with less investigated inorganic anions
Alessio Innocentia, Andrea Scozzafavaa and Claudiu T. SupuranCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, E-mail The Corresponding Author
Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
2009.

Chengelis, C. P. and Neal, R. A., Studies of carbonyl sulfide toxicity: metabolism by carbonic anhydrase,
Towicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 55, 198, 1980

Baird, T.T., A. Waheed, T. Okuyama, W.S. Sly, & C.A. Fierke (1997) Catalysis and Inhibition
of Human Carbonic Anhydrase IV, Biochemistry, 36: 2669 – 2678.

The possible role of CO2 in producing a post-stimulus CBF
and BOLD undershoot
Meryem A. Yücel1,2, Anna Devor2,3, Ata Akın1 and David A. Boas2*
1 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogˇ aziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey

The Etiology of Schizophrenia CAC-Hålet Theory

Posted by gdnf on May 25, 2010
Posted in: CO2 Reactivity, Schizophrenia. Tagged: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

From Part 1

part II the CAC-hålet theory

The etiology of Schizophrenia could be linked to endogenous Carbon disulfide CS2 production. The manufacture and exposure to endogenous CS2, could probably act in months after months before showing some of the symptoms of high CS2 exposure (Hallucinations, Psychosis and personality changes)

Suggestions

To ensure a proper analysis of earlier undetectable biomarkers one might consider gas-analysis from skin and breath as an biomarker and emission source, since the CS2 otherwise could leave undetected through the biggest organ –  the skin. I propose analysis of total air content in a closed chamber with subjects naked to avoid contamination with techniques for gas detection (59), (60) to reveal the biometrics of human endogenous CS2 production. Which has not been done to my knowledge.

By practising these suggestions it might be easier to understand and prevent the disease by detecting the prodromal and active  systems conditions besides the genetic vulnerability and map out what role CS2 play in the etiology of Schizophrenia.

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