From Ohm to Aum when the energy flow is the crown.

The  engines of the the universal chemical energy source

ATP synthase is a protondriven molecular machine that works like a turbine to convert the energy stored in a proton gradient into chemical energy stored in the bond energy of ATP. This video shows how it works. F₁F_o-ATP synthases produce the universal chemical energy source adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in most living organisms. They convert the energy stored in an electro-chemical gradient of protons or sodium ions into ATP and operate by a unique rotary mechanism. The ion gradient is utilized to generate torque of the machine’s rotor part against the stator part. This rotation induces conformational changes in the catalytic sites which are instrumental for ATP synthesis.

Schizophrenia and available energy – Exergy

Not just the ATP synthases are changed in Schizophrenia. Bellow the energy/metabolism related genes and proteins changed. They have been revealed as differentially expressed in transcriptome and proteome studies of Schizophrenia brain tissue

ATP5A1 ATP synthase, H+transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit isoform bMiddleton et al.(2002) Altar et al.(2005)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2008a)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009c)

ATP6V1A ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 70kD, V1
subunit A, isoform 1. Altar et al.(2005)
Pennington et al. (2008)
Behan et al. (2008)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2008a)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009a)

ALDOC Fructose bisphosphate aldolase C
Johnston-Wilson et al. (2000)
Prabakaran et al. (2004)
Clark et al. (2006)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009b)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2008a)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009c)

CA2 Carbonic Anhydrase 2 Johnston-Wilson et al. (2000)
Beasley et al. (2006)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009b)

CKB Creatine kinase, B chain Prabakaran et al. (2004)
Clark et al. (2006)
Beasley et al. (2006)
Sivagnanasundaram et al. (2007)
Behan et al. (2008)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009a)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009c)

ENO2 Gamma enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase)
Prabakaran et al. (2004)
Sivagnanasundaram et al. (2007)
Pennington et al. (2008)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009c)

ACO2 Aconitate hydratase, mitochondrial precursor (Aconitase)
Prabakaran et al. (2004)
Beasley et al. (2006)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2008b)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009c)

HK1 Hexokinase brain form Prabakaran et al. (2004)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009b)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009a)

GAPDH Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate dehydrogenase
Prabakaran et al. (2004)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009c)

PGAM1 Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 Prabakaran et al. (2004)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009c)

TPI1 Triosephosphate isomerase Prabakaran et al. (2004)
Martins-de-Souza et al. (2009c)

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